Requests & Responses - UTGL Developer Portal

The Issuing API uses JSON for request and response bodies, and requires cryptographic signatures for authentication. This guide covers everything you need to know about making requests and handling responses.

Quick Start

All API requests follow this pattern:

Format - JSON request body with Content-Type: application/json
Authenticate - Sign requests using RSA-SHA256 JWT tokens
Handle - Process responses and errors appropriately

Request Format

Content Type

All requests must use JSON encoding:

Content-Type: application/json
Request bodies must be valid, well-formed JSON
All responses are returned in JSON format

Required Headers

Every API request must include these headers:

Header	Required	Description	Example
`Content-Type`	Yes	Must be `application/json`	`application/json`
`Authorization`	Yes	Bearer token with signed JWT	`Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9...`
`Idempotency-Key`	Conditional	UUID for POST requests (recommended)	`550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000`

Idempotency Key: Always include an Idempotency-Key header for POST requests. This ensures safe retries and prevents duplicate operations. See Idempotency for details.

Authentication

All API requests require cryptographic signatures:

SHA-256 - For hashing request bodies
RSA - For signing JWT tokens

See the Authentication guide for detailed signing instructions.

Example Request

curl -X POST https://access.utgl.io/v1/accounts \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -H "Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9..." \
  -H "Idempotency-Key: 550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000" \
  -d '{
    "name": "My Account",
    "currency": "USD"
  }'

Response Format

Response Headers

All API responses include standard HTTP headers plus:

Header	Description	Example
`x-request-id`	Unique identifier for this request. Always log this for support purposes	`550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000`
`Content-Type`	Response content type (always `application/json`)	`application/json`
`Retry-After`	Present on 429 responses, indicates seconds to wait	`60`

Success Responses

Successful requests return:

HTTP Status: 200 OK (or 201 Created for resource creation)
Body: JSON-encoded response data

Example Success Response:

{
  "id": "acc_1234567890",
  "name": "My Account",
  "currency": "USD",
  "balance": "1000.00",
  "status": "active",
  "createdAt": "2024-01-15T10:30:00Z"
}

Response Structure

Response bodies follow consistent patterns:

Single Resource: Object with resource properties
List Resources: Object with data array and pagination metadata
Empty Response: {} or null for DELETE operations

HTTP Status Codes

The API uses standard HTTP status codes to communicate request outcomes:

Status Code	Category	Meaning	Action Required
200	Success	Request completed successfully	None - process response data
201	Success	Resource created successfully	None - process response data
400	Client Error	Invalid request format or parameters	Fix request before retrying
401	Client Error	Authentication failed	Check credentials and signature
403	Client Error	Access denied	Verify permissions and account status
404	Client Error	Resource not found	Verify resource ID exists
409	Client Error	Resource conflict (e.g., duplicate)	Check for existing resources
429	Client Error	Rate limit exceeded	Wait and retry with backoff
500	Server Error	Internal server error	Retry with exponential backoff
502/503/504	Server Error	Service temporarily unavailable	Retry after delay

Status Code Details

200 OK

The request succeeded. Response body contains the requested data.

201 Created

Resource was successfully created. Response body contains the new resource.

400 Bad Request

The request is malformed or contains invalid parameters. Check the error response for specific issues. Common causes:

Missing required fields
Invalid field formats
Malformed JSON
Invalid enum values

401 Unauthorized

Authentication failed. The access key or JWT signature is invalid. Common causes:

Invalid or missing access key
Incorrect JWT signature
Missing Authorization header
Signature verification failure
JWT token expired (must be less than 30 seconds old)
URI or method claims don’t match the request

403 Forbidden

Access denied. Your credentials are valid but you don’t have permission. Common causes:

Account is inactive
Subscription doesn’t include this feature
IP address not whitelisted
Invalid account number or unique_id
Insufficient permissions

404 Not Found

The requested resource doesn’t exist or isn’t accessible. Common causes:

Resource ID is incorrect
Resource belongs to another account
Resource has been deleted

409 Conflict

The request conflicts with the current state of the resource. Common causes:

Duplicate resource (e.g., card with same reference)
Resource already exists
Concurrent modification conflict

429 Too Many Requests

Rate limit exceeded. Too many requests in a given time period. Response includes:

Retry-After header indicating seconds to wait
Error details in response body

See Rate Limiting for details.

500 Internal Server Error

A server-side error occurred. This is typically temporary. Action: Retry the request with exponential backoff.

502/503/504 Service Unavailable

The service is temporarily unavailable or undergoing maintenance. Action: Retry after a delay. Check status page for maintenance windows.

Error Responses

When an error occurs, the API returns an appropriate HTTP status code with a structured error response.

Error Response Format

All error responses follow this structure:

{
  "code": "INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE",
  "message": "The funding account has insufficient balance to complete the transfer. Create a Transfer to fund the source account."
}

Some errors may include additional context:

{
  "code": "INVALID_PARAMETERS",
  "message": "Validation failed",
  "details": {
    "field": "amount",
    "reason": "must_be_positive"
  }
}

Error Response Fields

Field	Type	Description	Example
`code`	string	Machine-readable error code for programmatic handling	`INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE`
`message`	string	Human-readable error description with guidance	`The source account has insufficient balance...`
`details`	object	Additional error context (optional, varies by error)	`{"field": "amount", "reason": "must_be_positive"}`

Important: Always use the code field for programmatic error handling. The message field is for human readability and may change over time.

Common Error Codes by Status

Authentication Errors (401)

{
  "code": "INVALID_SIGNATURE",
  "message": "JWT signature verification failed"
}

Solutions:

Verify your access key is correct
Check the Authorization header is properly formatted
Verify your JWT signature is correct
Check that the uri and method claims match the request exactly
Ensure the JWT token hasn’t expired (must be less than 30 seconds old)

Validation Errors (400)

{
  "code": "INVALID_PARAMETERS",
  "message": "Validation failed",
  "details": {
    "field": "amount",
    "reason": "must_be_positive"
  }
}

Solutions:

Check all required fields are present
Verify field formats match the API specification
Ensure numeric values are within valid ranges
Review validation rules in the API Reference

Insufficient Balance (400)

{
  "code": "INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE",
  "message": "The funding account has insufficient balance to complete the transfer. Create a Transfer to fund the source account."
}

Solutions:

Check account balance before initiating transfers
Fund the account using the appropriate endpoint
Verify currency matches between accounts

Resource Not Found (404)

{
  "code": "INVALID_CARD_ACCOUNT",
  "message": "The card account is invalid or does not exist."
}

Solutions:

Verify the resource ID is correct
Ensure the resource belongs to your account
Check if the resource has been deleted
Verify you’re using the correct endpoint

Rate Limit Errors (429)

{
  "code": "RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED",
  "message": "Too many requests. Please try again later."
}

The Retry-After header will be included in the HTTP response headers, not in the error body.

Solutions:

Implement exponential backoff
Respect the Retry-After header
Review your rate limits
Consider batching requests when possible

Conflict Errors (409)

{
  "code": "INVALID_PARAMETERS",
  "message": "A card with this reference already exists"
}

Solutions:

Check for existing resources before creating
Use idempotency keys for safe retries
Verify unique constraints in the API specification

Common Error Codes

Error Code	HTTP Status	Description
`INVALID_PARAMETERS`	400	Invalid request parameters
`INVALID_ACCOUNT`	400	Invalid account identifier
`INVALID_CARD_ACCOUNT`	400	Invalid card account identifier
`INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE`	400	Account doesn’t have sufficient balance
`INVALID_SIGNATURE`	401	JWT signature verification failed
`RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED`	429	Too many requests

For a complete list of error codes, refer to the API Reference. Error codes are defined in the OpenAPI specification for each endpoint.

Error Handling Best Practices

1. Check HTTP Status Codes

Always check the HTTP status code first:

if (response.status >= 400) {
  const error = await response.json();
  console.error('API Error:', {
    code: error.code,
    message: error.message,
    status: response.status
  });
  // Handle error based on code
}

2. Implement Retry Logic

Retry only for transient failures (5xx, 429):

async function apiCall(url, options, maxRetries = 3) {
  for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
    try {
      const response = await fetch(url, options);
      
      // Don't retry client errors (4xx)
      if (response.status >= 400 && response.status < 500) {
        const error = await response.json();
        throw new APIError(error.code, error.message, response.status);
      }
      
      // Retry server errors (5xx)
      if (response.status >= 500 && i < maxRetries - 1) {
        await sleep(Math.pow(2, i) * 1000); // Exponential backoff
        continue;
      }
      
      return await response.json();
    } catch (error) {
      if (i === maxRetries - 1) throw error;
    }
  }
}

3. Log Request IDs

Always log the x-request-id from error responses:

try {
  const result = await createCard(data);
} catch (error) {
  const requestId = error.response?.headers?.get('x-request-id');
  console.error('Error creating card:', {
    requestId,
    code: error.code,
    message: error.message,
    status: error.status
  });
  
  // Report to your error tracking service
  reportError(error, requestId);
}

4. Handle Rate Limits Gracefully

Respect rate limits and retry after the specified time:

async function apiCallWithRateLimit(url, options) {
  const response = await fetch(url, options);
  
  if (response.status === 429) {
    const retryAfter = parseInt(response.headers.get('Retry-After') || '60');
    await sleep(retryAfter * 1000);
    return apiCallWithRateLimit(url, options); // Retry
  }
  
  return response.json();
}

5. Display User-Friendly Messages

Don’t expose raw API errors to end users:

function getUserFriendlyMessage(error) {
  const messages = {
    'INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE': 'You don't have enough balance for this transaction.',
    'INVALID_CARD_ACCOUNT': 'The requested card account was not found.',
    'INVALID_PARAMETERS': 'Please check your input and try again.',
    'RATE_LIMIT_EXCEEDED': 'We're experiencing high traffic. Please try again in a moment.',
    'INVALID_SIGNATURE': 'Authentication failed. Please check your credentials.'
  };
  
  return messages[error.code] || 'Something went wrong. Please try again.';
}

Retrying Requests

Not all failed requests should be retried. Implement retry logic only for specific scenarios.

When to Retry

Retry these status codes:

5xx (Server errors) - Temporary server-side issues
429 (Rate Limits) - Rate limit exceeded, wait and retry

Do NOT retry these status codes:

400 (Bad Request) - Fix the request first
401 (Unauthorized) - Check authentication
403 (Forbidden) - Verify permissions
404 (Not Found) - Resource doesn’t exist
409 (Conflict) - Resolve conflict first

Retry Implementation

Exponential Backoff

Implement exponential backoff with jitter to prevent thundering herd problems:

async function retryWithBackoff(fn, maxRetries = 3) {
  for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
    try {
      return await fn();
    } catch (error) {
      // Don't retry client errors (4xx)
      if (error.status >= 400 && error.status < 500) {
        throw error;
      }
      
      // Last attempt
      if (i === maxRetries - 1) {
        throw error;
      }
      
      // Exponential backoff with jitter
      const baseDelay = Math.pow(2, i) * 1000; // 1s, 2s, 4s...
      const jitter = Math.random() * 1000; // 0-1s random
      await sleep(baseDelay + jitter);
    }
  }
}

Respect Rate Limits

When receiving a 429 response, respect the Retry-After header:

async function handleRateLimit(response) {
  if (response.status === 429) {
    const retryAfter = parseInt(response.headers.get('Retry-After') || '60');
    await sleep(retryAfter * 1000);
    return true; // Retry
  }
  return false;
}

Idempotency Keys

Always use a new idempotency key for each retry attempt:

async function makeRequestWithRetry(data) {
  let attempt = 0;
  const maxRetries = 3;
  
  while (attempt < maxRetries) {
    const idempotencyKey = generateUUID(); // New key each time
    const headers = {
      'Idempotency-Key': idempotencyKey,
      // ... other headers
    };
    
    try {
      return await fetch(url, { headers, body: JSON.stringify(data) });
    } catch (error) {
      if (shouldRetry(error.status)) {
        attempt++;
        await exponentialBackoff(attempt);
        continue;
      }
      throw error;
    }
  }
}

Critical: When retrying, always provide a new idempotency key. Requests with the same idempotency key return the same result, including errors. This ensures retries are treated as new attempts.

Request ID Tracking

Every API response includes an x-request-id header. This unique identifier is essential for:

Debugging - Track specific requests in your logs
Support - Reference requests when contacting support
Troubleshooting - Correlate requests across systems
Auditing - Track API usage and issues

Best Practices

Always log the request ID:

async function makeAPIRequest(url, options) {
  const response = await fetch(url, options);
  const requestId = response.headers.get('x-request-id');
  
  // Log for debugging
  console.log(`Request ID: ${requestId}`);
  
  if (!response.ok) {
    const error = await response.json();
    // Include request ID in error logs
    logger.error('API Error', {
      requestId,
      status: response.status,
      error: error.code,
      message: error.message
    });
  }
  
  return response;
}

Include in support requests: When contacting support, always include:

The x-request-id from the response
Timestamp of the request
Endpoint and method used
Request payload (sanitized of sensitive data)

Best Practices

Request Formatting

Validate JSON - Ensure request bodies are valid JSON before sending
Use consistent formatting - Follow the API specification exactly
Include all required fields - Check endpoint documentation
Use proper data types - Numbers as numbers, not strings (unless specified)

Error Handling

Check status codes first - Handle different status codes appropriately
Use error codes, not messages - Parse the code field for programmatic handling
Log request IDs - Always capture x-request-id for debugging
Implement retry logic - For transient failures (5xx, 429)
Don’t retry client errors - Fix 4xx errors before retrying

Performance

Use idempotency keys - Prevents duplicate operations
Implement connection pooling - Reuse HTTP connections
Batch operations - When possible, use batch endpoints
Respect rate limits - Monitor your usage and implement backoff

Security

Never log sensitive data - Don’t log full request/response bodies
Store credentials securely - Use environment variables or secure vaults
Rotate keys regularly - Follow security best practices
Validate responses - Don’t trust response data blindly

Code Examples

JavaScript/TypeScript

interface APIResponse<T> {
  data?: T;
  error?: {
    code: string;
    message: string;
    details?: any;
  };
}

async function apiRequest<T>(
  endpoint: string,
  options: RequestInit = {}
): Promise<T> {
  const url = `https://access.utgl.io/v1${endpoint}`;
  const requestId = generateUUID();
  
  const headers = {
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    'Authorization': `Bearer ${await generateJWT(endpoint, options.method || 'GET')}`,
    'Idempotency-Key': requestId,
    ...options.headers,
  };
  
  try {
    const response = await fetch(url, {
      ...options,
      headers,
    });
    
    const requestIdHeader = response.headers.get('x-request-id');
    logger.info('API Request', { endpoint, requestId: requestIdHeader });
    
    if (!response.ok) {
      const error = await response.json();
      throw new APIError(error.code, error.message, response.status, requestIdHeader);
    }
    
    return await response.json();
  } catch (error) {
    if (error instanceof APIError) {
      throw error;
    }
    throw new Error(`Request failed: ${error.message}`);
  }
}

Python

import requests
import uuid
from typing import Optional, Dict, Any

def api_request(
    endpoint: str,
    method: str = 'GET',
    data: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    url = f"https://access.utgl.io/v1{endpoint}"
    request_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
    
    headers = {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
        'Authorization': f'Bearer {generate_jwt(endpoint, method, data)}',
        'Idempotency-Key': request_id,
    }
    
    try:
        response = requests.request(
            method=method,
            url=url,
            headers=headers,
            json=data,
            timeout=30
        )
        
        request_id_header = response.headers.get('x-request-id')
        logger.info(f'API Request: {endpoint}', extra={'request_id': request_id_header})
        
        response.raise_for_status()
        return response.json()
        
    except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:
        error_data = e.response.json() if e.response.content else {}
        raise APIError(
            code=error_data.get('code'),
            message=error_data.get('message'),
            status_code=e.response.status_code,
            request_id=request_id_header
        )

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

Issue: “Invalid JSON” errors

Solution: Validate JSON before sending. Ensure proper escaping of special characters.

Issue: “Signature verification failed”

Solution: Verify your private key is correct and the JWT is properly signed. Check the uri and method claims match exactly.

Issue: “Rate limit exceeded”

Solution: Implement exponential backoff and respect Retry-After headers. Review your rate limits.

Issue: “Request ID not found in logs”

Solution: Always capture and log the x-request-id header from responses.

Issue: “Duplicate operations”

Solution: Use unique idempotency keys for each request. Don’t reuse keys across different operations.

Next Steps

Review Authentication for detailed signing instructions
Learn about Idempotency for safe retry handling
Understand Rate Limits to optimize your integration
Explore the API Reference for endpoint-specific details

Introduction

Authentication & Security

API Fundamentals

​Quick Start

​Request Format

​Content Type

​Required Headers

​Authentication

​Example Request

​Response Format

​Response Headers

​Success Responses

​Response Structure

​HTTP Status Codes

​Status Code Details

​200 OK

​201 Created

​400 Bad Request

​401 Unauthorized

​403 Forbidden

​404 Not Found

​409 Conflict

​429 Too Many Requests

​500 Internal Server Error

​502/503/504 Service Unavailable

​Error Responses

​Error Response Format

​Error Response Fields

​Common Error Codes by Status

​Authentication Errors (401)

​Validation Errors (400)

​Insufficient Balance (400)

​Resource Not Found (404)

​Rate Limit Errors (429)

​Conflict Errors (409)

​Common Error Codes

​Error Handling Best Practices

​1. Check HTTP Status Codes

​2. Implement Retry Logic

​3. Log Request IDs

​4. Handle Rate Limits Gracefully

​5. Display User-Friendly Messages

​Retrying Requests

​When to Retry

​Retry Implementation

​Exponential Backoff

​Respect Rate Limits

​Idempotency Keys

​Request ID Tracking

​Best Practices

​Best Practices

​Request Formatting

​Error Handling

​Performance

​Security

​Code Examples

​JavaScript/TypeScript

​Python

​Troubleshooting

​Common Issues

​Next Steps

Quick Start

Request Format

Content Type

Required Headers

Authentication

Example Request

Response Format

Response Headers

Success Responses

Response Structure

HTTP Status Codes

Status Code Details

200 OK

201 Created

400 Bad Request

401 Unauthorized

403 Forbidden

404 Not Found

409 Conflict

429 Too Many Requests

500 Internal Server Error

502/503/504 Service Unavailable

Error Responses

Error Response Format

Error Response Fields

Common Error Codes by Status

Authentication Errors (401)

Validation Errors (400)

Insufficient Balance (400)

Resource Not Found (404)

Rate Limit Errors (429)

Conflict Errors (409)

Common Error Codes

Error Handling Best Practices

1. Check HTTP Status Codes

2. Implement Retry Logic

3. Log Request IDs

4. Handle Rate Limits Gracefully

5. Display User-Friendly Messages

Retrying Requests

When to Retry

Retry Implementation

Exponential Backoff

Respect Rate Limits

Idempotency Keys

Request ID Tracking

Best Practices

Best Practices

Request Formatting

Error Handling

Performance

Security

Code Examples

JavaScript/TypeScript

Python

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

Next Steps